Free Lectures online: 2011

Sunday, November 27, 2011

Analytical Spectroscopy Lecture notes PPT files

spectroscopy free lectures powerpoints free download and

direct download , click the link below to get the lectures

http://blog.lib.umn.edu/chaynes/8152/lecture_notes/

Pharmacology course online - Pharmacology lecture notes

free pharmacology lectures include

Lecture 1. Introduction to pharmacology
Lecture 2. Receptors 1 - targets for drug actions
Lecture 3. Receptors 2 - intracellular mechanisms
Lecture 4. Pharmacokinetics - general principles

and more ...

http://www.fortunecity.com/bennyhills/mayall/3/pharmaco.htm

General Dynamics & Vibrations Lecture notes pdf files

lectures are free download & pdf files

click the link below to get the lectures

http://www-users.aston.ac.uk/~norriswt/dynamics&vibrations.html

Wednesday, November 16, 2011

Neuroanatomy lectures notes & powerpoints free download

Neuroanatomy lectures notes & powerpoints

lectures are talking about nervous tissue - gross structure - brain stem - cerebellum
lectures are free and direct download

enjoy

http://anatomy.yonsei.ac.kr/neuro/PPT.htm

Biology lecture notes (videos - doc files - online)

collection of biology lectures about

Chemical Aspect of Life
Cells & Metabolic Processes
Evolution, Taxonomy, & Organisms

lectures are doc files & videos

http://www.biologyjunction.com/biology%20class%20notes2.htm

Human biology lecture notes pdf files and lectures online

these lectures are talking about human biology

from Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds

lectures are pdf files and direct download

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http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/humbmods.html

Geophysics lecture note

Geophysics lecture notes for geology students

and petroleum geology students

the lectures are pdf files free download
enjoy

http://www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g594/Lectures/index.html

Environmental & Toxicology lecture notes PDF files free download

click the link below to get the lectures

pdf direct download

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http://www.unaab.edu.ng/environmental-management-and-toxicology/lectures-notes.html

Toxicology lectures free online

the lectures include the following

Introduction - Survey of Toxic Substances
Heavy Metals
Benzene
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Pesticides
Radiation and Radioactive Materials

http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/training/toxmanual/modules/4/lecturenotes.html

human resource management word files free download

human resource management word files free download

Lecturer notes (pdfs)

PART ONE The human resource management arena

PART TWO The human resource management context

PART THREE Human resource management practices

PART FOUR The evaluation context

click the link below to get the lectures

http://www.palgrave.com/business/brattonandgold4/students/lecture.html

Tuesday, November 15, 2011

Analytical Chemistry Lecture notes PDF files

click the titles below to get the lectures

direct download

Introduction
Treatment of data
Gravimetry
Aqueous solutions
Equilibrium calculations
Titrimetry
Precipitate formation
Acid/Base titrations
Complex AB titrations
Non-aqueous titrations
Complex formation
Kinetic methods
Electrochemistry
REDOX titrations
Potentiometry
Coulometry
Voltammetry
Spectrophotometry
Molecular spectroscopy
Spectroscopy equipment
Atomic spectroscopy
Mass Spectroscopy
Solvent extraction
Chromatography
Gas chromatography
Liquid chromatography
Hyphenated methods

Anatomy lecture notes MS Word files free download

click the link below to get anatomy files

in word format free download

These are links to the lecture note
You may left click your mouse to download the file or right click to open and print.

http://faculty.lacitycollege.edu/gonsalgg/alect1.html

Histology & Anatomy lectures notes free download

anatomy lectures & histology

compressed folders free download

enjoy

http://www.mednotes.net/notes/anatomy/

Histology lectures from The University of Western Australia

lectures online

free download histology lectures

click the link below to get the lectures

http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Connective/Connect.htm

Biology PowerPoint Lectures - collection of biology lectures free download

click the link below to get a great collection

of biology lectures in powerpoint format

for free direct download

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http://www.biologyjunction.com/pwpt_biology.htm

Biochemistry lecture notes word files free download

click the link below to get biochemistry

lecture notes in word files

direct download

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http://www.una.edu/faculty/aecrews/Biochemistry/LectureNotes.htm

Histology lecture notes HTML files online

INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY
BASIC TECHNIQUES
EPITHELIUM
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CARTILAGE
BONE
MUSCLE
NERVOUS TISSUE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL BLOOD
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LIVER
SKIN
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

to get the lectures click the link below

enjoy

http://www.technion.ac.il/~mdcourse/274203/lectures.htm

Microbiology Lecture Notes PDF files free download

click the link below to get microbiology lectures

free download pdf files and Microsoft Word 7 - .doc files

http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/wellmeyer/lectures.htm

anatomy lectures and powerpoints

lectures of anatomy in powerpoint files

click the link below to get the lectures

enjoy

http://www.emory.edu/ANATOMY/Slides/

Friday, August 26, 2011

Sandstone-Hosted U-V and Base Metal Deposits

Sandstone-Hosted U-V and Base Metal Deposits

• Both classes are hosted by continental to very shallow marine sediments

• The deposits are conformable, often associated with primary sedimentary features and is concentrated in bleached or grey-green organic and pyrite –rich beds

• The ores are diagenetic to epigenetic and, because of the prosity of the host sediments, are often characterized by a large number of brightly coloured secondary oxidation zone minerals

• Geographic Distribution: Western States, USA, Mesozoic fluviatile Sandstones and Siltstones

• Cu, Pb, Zn sulphide Deposits are concentrated into bleached horizons within reddened sequences, where they form syndiagenetic cements around elastic grains,

The primary and secoundary mineralization is controlled by the local prosity and permeability of the host rocks

Black Carbonaceous Shale Copper Deposits

Black Carbonaceous Shale Copper Deposits

• Stratiform deposits account for a significant proportion of the Worlds Cu reserves

• The sulphides are fine-grained reflecting primary sedimentary features

• Huge, essentially syngenetic/diagenetic ores found in shallow marine sediments associated with major transgressions.

• Anoxic conditions and bacterial reduction of sea water sulphate were importat controls on mineralization.

• The ores have both lateral and vertical mineralogical zonation related to paleogeographical conditions.

• Kupferschiefer: the zoning is: copper and silver passing upwards into bornitem then chalcopyrite and finally pyrite

• Zambian Copper Belt: chalcopyrite passing basinwards into bornite then chalcopyrite and finally pyrite

Thursday, August 25, 2011

Questions in Sedimentary Rocks

A: compare between each of the following?

1) Matrix – Cement

2) Conglomerates – Breccias

3) Orthoconglomerate – Paraconglomerate

4) Polymictic conglomerate – Oligomictic conglomerate

5) Mudrocks – Shales

6) Grain fabric – Grain morphology

7) Arenites – Wackes

8) Litharenite – Sublitharenite

9) Sphericity – Roundness

10) Packstone – Wackestone

11) Neomorphism – Cementation

Description of Sedimentary rocks

Description of Sedimentary rocks

1. Components :(( Grains)) Qz %, Feldspars % (lamellar twinning), rock fragments %, other components.

((Matrix)): (May be Qz or Feldspars or Clay)

2. Grain size : Gravel(more than 2mm) or Sand (1/16 to 2mm) or Silt (less than 1/16mm)

3. Grain/Matrix ratio :

4. Roundness : Very angular or sub angular or rounded

5. Sorting : Poorly sorted or mod sorted or well sorted

6. Grain shape : Spherical or tabular or rod shape or equant

7. Supporting : Grain supported or Matrix supported

8. Cement chemical : Calcareous or Ferrigenous or Siliceous

9. Maturity compositional: Mature (Qz more than 90%)

Immature ( Low Qz and More Matrix )

Texture : If Matrix more than 15% so its Immature

If Matrix less than 15% and low to mod sorting so it will be mature

If Matrix less than 15%and will sorted and will rounded it will be Super mature .

10. Name

Earth Structure

===========

The core

The inner part of the earth is the core. This part of the earth is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) below the earth's surface. The core is a dense ball of the elements iron and nickel. It is divided into two layers, the inner core and the outer core. The inner core - the center of earth - is solid and about 780 miles (1,250 km) thick. The outer core is so hot that the metal is always molten, but the inner core pressures are so great that it cannot melt, even though temperatures there reach 6700ºF (3700ºC). The outer core is about 1370 miles (2,200 km) thick. Because the earth rotates, the outer core spins around the inner core and that causes the earth's magnetism.

The Mantle

The layer above the core is the mantle. It begins about 6 miles(10 km) below the oceanic crust and about 19 miles(30 km) below the continental crust (see The Crust). The mantle is to divide into the inner mantle and the outer mantle. It is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) thick and makes up nearly 80 percent of the Earth’s total volume.

The Crust

The crust lays above the mantle and is the earth’s hard outer shell, the surface on which we are living. In relation with the other layers the crust is much thinner. It floats upon the softer, denser mantle. The crust is made up of solid material but these material is not everywhere the same. There is an Oceanic crust and a Continental crust. The first one is about 4-7 miles (6-11 km) thick and consists of heavy rocks, like basalt. The Continental crust is thicker than the Oceanic crust, about 19 miles (30 km) thick. It is mainly made up of light material, like granite.

The Atmosphere

The Atmosphere

The earth is surrounded by all kind of gases. This layer is called the earth's atmosphere. Without this atmosphere life on earth isn't possible. The atmosphere gives us air, water, warmth and is protecting us against harmful rays of the sun and against meteorites. This layer around the earth is a colourless, odourless, tasteless 'sea' of gases, water and fine dust. The atmosphere is made up of different layers with different qualities. It consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0,93% argon, 0,03% carbon dioxide and 0,04% of other gases. The Troposphere is the layer where the weather happens; above this layer is the Stratosphere. Within the Stratosphere is the Ozone layer, that absorbs the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. Above the Stratosphere is the Mesosphere, the Thermosphere - in which the Ionosphere - and the Exosphere. The atmosphere is about 500 miles (800 km) thick.

USES OF GYPSUM

· Wallboard − The use of gypsum-based wallboard, once common only in the US and Canada, has spread to virtually all developed countries. The gypsum core provides a strong, fire-resistant, and inexpensive construction material. The -100 mesh stucco (hemihydrate) form is used. Japan is the largest user of synthetic gypsum products in wallboard, because it lacks natural gypsum resources. The other major source of synthetic (FGD-based) product for this market is Germany, which serves all of Europe. Most of current US wallboard production is based on natural sources.

· Portland cement − Uncalcined gypsum crushed to -11/2 +3/8 inch is used with portland cement to retard the setting time of concrete. This is the primary market in developing countries.

· Soil conditioners − Gypsum rock ground to -100 mesh is used in treating alkaline, saline, and clayey soils, and as a source of sulfur. In the US its main application is in the cultivation of peanuts.

· Other uses − The hemihydrate form is used in a wide variety of construction and industrial plasters. Minor amounts of purified gypsum are used in glassmaking and as a white filler (terra alba) in paint and paper. “Soluble anhydrite”, made by dehydrating gypsum into porous, highly absorbent granules, is used as a desiccant

GYPSUM

GYPSUM

· Gypsum CaSO4 · 2H2O

· Refractive Index: 1.52-1.53

· Specific Gravity: 2.32

· Mohs Hardness: 2

- Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulfate formed by the evaporation of brines. Commercial deposits invariably contain some anhydrite (CaSO4), the anhydrous form of calcium sulfate, and may also contain clay minerals, silica, limestone, dolomite, and soluble chloride and sulfate impurities. Gypsum is beneficiated solely by selective mining and screening. Products are typically white to off-white and range from 80 to 95% purity. The

principal commercial use of gypsum is based upon the ability of calcium sulfate to readily take on and give up water of crystallization. The dihydrate (CaSO4 · 2H2O), as mined, is converted to the hemihydrate form (CaSO4 · 1/2H2O) by partial calcination. When hemihydrate is then mixed with water, it hardens as it returns to the dihydrate form.

FELDSPAR TYPES

* FELDSPAR TYPES :-

Feldspars occur as solid solutions between their principal end member (Na, K, or Ca) compositions. Commercial products in most cases are employed for their chemistry (aluminum and alkali content) and are generally characterized accordingly. Certain products are more broadly described in geological terms.

· Alkaline feldspar − This is feldspar with chemistry ranging between the potassium and sodium end members.

· Plagioclase feldspar − This is feldspar with chemistry ranging between the sodium and calcium end members.

· Potash spar − Potash spar is principally orthoclase or microcline and contains at least 10% K2O.

· Soda spar − Soda spar is mostly albite and contains at least 7% Na2O.

· Calcium spar − This is principally anorthite.

· Aplite − Aplite is a grainy granitic (containing quartz and alkali feldspar) rock containing a substantial proportion of plagioclase. It is also called lime-soda feldspar. Low-iron aplite is sold in the US for glassmaking.

· Feldspathic sand − This is natural silica sand containing 10-35% feldspar, usually potash spar or soda spar. This sand is described, in decreasing feldspar content, as river sand, dune sand, and beach sand.

Ironstones

Iron ore mining methods vary by the type of ore being mined. There are four main types of iron ore deposits worked currently, depending on the mineralogy and geology of the ore deposits. These are magnetite, titanomagnetite, massive hematite and pisolitic ironstone deposits. Most large hematite iron ore deposits are sourced from metasomatically altered banded iron formations and rarely igneous accumulations. Hematite iron is typically rarer but it is considerably cheaper and easier to beneficiate and requires considerably less energy to crush and grind. Hematite ores however can contain significantly higher concentrations of penalty elements, typically being higher in phosphorus, water content and aluminium.
The iron-ore bearing rock is first blasted and dug up from open pit mines, then crushed, smelted in furnaces. To make steel, it is then alloyed with metals like nickel, chromium, manganese or titanium. These alloys give steel special properties like electrical resistance, and resistant to wear, rust, impact, shock or expansion when heated. The cooled steel is shaped and can be coated with tin, zinc or paint to help protect it from rusting.

Size exclusion chromatography

Size exclusion chromatography :

Subdivided into

1 - gel filtration

2 – gel permeation chromatography

Use aqueous solvents and hydrophilic packings.

nonpolar organic solvents and hydrophobic packings .

Packing for size-exclusion chromatography consists of small silica or polymer particles containing a network of uniform pores into which solute and solvent molecules can diffuse .

Advantage of Size-Exclusion Chromatography

1 - Short separation time

2 - Good sensitivity

3 - Freedom from sample loss

4 - Absence of column deactivation

Wednesday, August 24, 2011

HPLC Instrument

HPLC Instrument

1-Mobile-Phase Reservoirs

One or more glass or stainless steel reservoirs

2-Pumping Systems

3-Sample Injection Systems:

Syringe injection through a self-sealing elastomeric septum

4-Chromatographic Columns

-Guard Columns

Ø Remove impurities from solvent

Ø Saturates mobile phase with liquid of stationary phase before the analytical column

- Analytical Column

Copper or stainless steel tubing straight, 15 to 150 cm in length; 2 to 3 mm packing - silica gel, alumina, ….

5-Column Thermostats

6-Detectors

Types of Gas Chromatography

Types of Gas Chromatography

l Gas liquid chromatography GLC

The mechanism of separation is based upon the partition of the analyte between gaseous M.F. and a liquid S.F. immobilized on the surface of an inert solid

l Gas solid chromatography GSC

GSC is based upon adsorption of gaseous substance on solid surfaces.

GLC Instrument

• Carrier gas supply ( M.F.)

• Sample injection system

• Column configuration and column ovens

• Detector systems

• Readout systems

Mechanisms of chromatography

Mechanisms of chromatography

n Adsorption

A charge interaction occur between the active group of the sample and the sorbent S.F.

n Partition

The separation depends upon the distribution of the compound of the mixture between the mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase according to partition coefficient value.

n Ion Exchange

Ion exchange contains labile ions that are capable of exchanging with ions of the same change in the sample.

The Absorption Law

The Absorption Law:

The absorption law, also known as the Beer's law, tells us quantitatively how the amount of attenuation depends on the concentration of the absorbing molecules and the path length over which absorption occurs. As light traverses a medium containing an absorbing analyte, decreases in intensity occur as the analyte becomes excited. For an analyte solution of a given concentration, the longer the length of the medium through which the light passes, the more absorbers are in the path and the greater the attenuation.

Types of analyses with electromagnetic radiation

Types of analyses with electromagnetic radiation:

Absorption spectroscopy

Depend upon measurements of absorption are often made by the analyte when exposed to EMR

Emission and Chemiluminescence Spectroscopy

Depend upon the EMR produced or emitted when the analyte is excited by thermal, electrical or radiant energy.

Photoluminescence Spectroscopy

The emission of photons is measured following absorption of radiation.

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

Is a form of energy.

It has a dual nature.

Possesses properties of both discrete particles which are termed photons and of waves.

Related by Planck equation

E = h v

E : energy of a single photon

V : frequency of the wave

h : Planck’ constant (6.625 x 10-34) J.s